The Loss of a Tribes Livelihood in Chinua Achebes...

Things Fall Apart: The Loss of a Tribes Livelihood In Things Fall Apart we witnessed the destruction of a traditional native culture. More specifically we witnessed the challenge and weakening of Igbo spirituality, as well as the death of the tribes livelihood. The apparent cause can be found in a seemingly good intended mission acting as a gateway for the intrusion of a foreign government, and its quest to conquer and domesticate a self-sustaining, prosperous culture. Although the Igbo downfall was caused primarily by the invasion of Christian missionaries, their own religious doctrine and passivity played a significant role in allowing the initial infiltration of an alien religion, and the final dissolution of a once†¦show more content†¦But although he thought for a long time he found no answer. He was merely led into greater complexities. He remembered his wifes twin children, whom he had thrown away. What crime had they committed? (TFA 87). The timing of this passage falls in between a thorough account of Igbo customs and the conversion of many Igbo people to Christianity. This transition seems to indicate that there is a representative attitude of doubt and discontentment within Umuofia (and later indicated to be similar in Mbanta). Customs such as throwing away twins and human sacrifice were troubling and no justification could be found within their own religious doctrine. The timeliness of Christianity allowed it to spread because it was the only available option to turn to. The villagers needed answers to explain the uncertainties they were feeling and Christianity was the only plausible option. This attitude is again characterized by Nwoye while he is in Mbanta: It was not the mad logic of the Trinity that captivated him. He did not understand it . . . . The hymn about brothers who sat in darkness and fear seemed to answer a vague and persistent question that haunted his young soul - the question of the twins lying in the bush and the question of Ikemefuna who was killed. He felt a relief within as the hymn poured into his parched soul. (TFA 104) The mission also gained respect and power by flourishing in circumstances that were

Saladin - Muslim Hero - Salah Ad-din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub

Saladin was also known as: Al-malik An-nasir Salah Ad-din Yusuf I. Saladin is a westernization of Salah Ad-din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub. Saladin was known for: founding the Ayyubid dynasty and capturing Jerusalem from the Christians. He was the most famous Muslim hero and a consummate military tactician. Occupations: SultanMilitary LeaderCrusader Adversary Places of Residence and Influence: AfricaAsia: Arabia Important Dates: Born: c. 1137Victorious at Hattin: July 4, 1187Recaptured Jerusalem: Oct. 2, 1187Died: March 4, 1193 About Saladin: Saladin was born to a well-off Kurdish family in Tikrit and grew up in Balbek and Damascus. He began his military career by joining the staff of his uncle Asad ad-Din Shirkuh, an important commander. By 1169, at the age of 31, he had been appointed vizier of the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt as well as commander of the Syrian troops there. In 1171, Saladin abolished the Shiite caliphate and proclaimed a return to Sunni Islam in Egypt, whereupon he became that countrys sole ruler. In 1187 he took on the Latin Crusader Kingdoms, and on July 4 of that year he scored a resounding victory at the Battle of Hattin. On October 2, Jerusalem surrendered. In retaking the city, Saladin and his troops behaved with great civility that contrasted sharply with the bloody actions of the western conquerors eight decades earlier. However, though Saladin managed to reduce the number of cities held by the Crusaders to three, he failed to capture the coastal fortress of Tyre. Many Christian survivors of the recent battles took refuge there, and it would serve as a rallying point for future Crusader attacks. The recapture of Jerusalem had stunned Christendom, and the result was the launch of a third Crusade. Over the course of the Third Crusade, Saladin managed to keep the greatest fighters of the West from making any significant advances (including the notable Crusader, Richard the Lionheart). By the time fighting was finished in 1192, the Crusaders held relatively little territory in the Levantine. But the years of fighting had taken their toll, and Saladin died in 1193. Throughout his life he had displayed a total lack of pretension and was generous with his personal wealth; upon his death his friends discovered hed left no funds to pay for his burial. Saladins family would rule as the Ayyubid dynasty until it succumbed to the Mamluks in 1250. More Saladin Resources: Saladin in PrintBiographies,   primary sources, examinations   of Saladins military career, and books for younger readers . Saladin on the WebWebsites that offer biographical information on the Muslim hero and background  on the situation in the Holy Land during his lifetime. Medieval IslamThe Crusades Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2004-2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is  not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please  contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/swho/p/saladin.htm

Privacy Is Not The State Or Condition Of Being Free

Privacy means the state or condition of being free from being observed or disturbed by other people. Privacy is something that we all take for granted because we don’t know how to live our lives without it and in most cases we never have, well not like in the 1984 and The Circle. Without privacy, people would not be comfortable doing most of the things that they do on a daily basis. If we were being watched and listen to day in and day out then we would be living like prisoners. We would be limited to what we say, who we talk to, and sometimes even who we date. When there is privacy in relationships, it gives it a greater bond and makes those people closer to each other. Whether its two best friends gossiping or two lovers getting†¦show more content†¦Because, of the telescreens, they had to be stealthy in saying what they had to do. With the thought police, telescreens, and anyone else that could not be trusted roaming everywhere, it was tough. Orwell tells us how mu ch the price of privacy is worth and is sacrificed for when Julia and Winston betray each other at the end. Orwell sends many messages through out the whole story. First, it is valid evidence that without privacy, people have to follow the rules of which the government enforces upon them. Every government has their set of rules, but without privacy, the government is full of control in what it enforces and what you think. On a social and personal level, we see that Julia and Winston have to secretly have their relationship. This lead to them eventually rebel and get caught in the story. Orwell is warning us that a relationship is build upon trust and privacy. If we can’t speak our minds on just normal stuff to a single individual or may be a group; then their is a issue. This issue can affect the quality of the relationship. One may not be comfortable or even trust the other party due to the lack of privacy, and whats a friendship without privacy? But, the bottom line main th ought of what can happen if the government does not give us privacy. We see the consequences in the story â€Å"The Circle†, and realistically speaking, in modern day society. We have

The Great Malcolm X And The Influential James Baldwin !

Patrick Arakelian English 311 The 1920’s in America, an incredibly extended time ago that happens to be a reminiscence we can’t individually even bear in mind any longer simply because we didn’t subsist in that era. We’ve heard many stories of the time. We’ve heard of the numerous struggles and economic crisis’s the country has triumphed over. We’ve heard stories of trepidation in men and woman and their children, and we’ve heard their daily harsh realities. Nevertheless, the question still remains. Have we heard about the glorious moments and the various amounts of greatness come to in America? Sounds like I’m talking about a super hero right? The truth is, yes, for many of us the late 1920’s delivered two of many heroes that we still†¦show more content†¦Baldwin noticed countless connections amid Malcolm X and himself. Mutually Baldwin and Malcolm X were irritated, clever black men who by no means let white civilization off the cat ch. Both were not enthusiastic to linger for white culture to fix the Negro issue. This originated them in cooperation to become conscious that the central white society in America was not rather what they required to be a fraction of. Baldwin disagreed, like Malcolm X white culture in America had to take an excellent extended look at its individual times past. It must have been obligated to come to the reality of slavery and the chronological certainty of the prejudice aligned with blacks. He disputed like Malcolm, that white culture was not anything to imitate and that if the black race was to raise itself up, it would have to pick up itself out of the foremost society. The Civil Rights group was not about incorporation of blacks into white culture. It was about altering white culture by strengthening it to recognize what it had put through to the blacks. Malcolm X and James Baldwin were two men that had hefty positions in essentially defining citizens and reasoning during the 195 0-60’s. Together these men were self-motivated African Americans who lived first and foremost to assist their people. They were appallingly mistreated in the United States for various years. The fascinating things about these two men were that they

Essay on the Effect of Major Corporations paying Low Wages

Question: Write an essay on the Effect of Major Corporations paying Low Wages? Answer: If several workmen were to be asked: How much wages you get?, One would reply, I get two shillings a day , and so on. According to the different branches of industry in which they are employed, they would mention different sums of money that they receive from their respective employers for the completion of certain task; for example, for weaving a yard of linen, or for setting a page of type. Despite the variety of their statements, they would all agree upon one point: that wages are the amount of money which the capitalists pay for a certain period or for a certain amount of work. Wages are the price of a certain commodity, labor-power. Wages are determined by the same laws that determine the price of every other commodity.(Marx, 1849) Wages are best associated with employee compensation based on the number of hours worked multiplied by an hourly rate of pay. The paycheck is received usually after the work period and may vary as per the period, While, salaries are best associated with employee compensation quoted on an annual basis. The paycheck covers the work period and is the same amount for each pay period. Generally, the hourly-paid employees will earn wages at the rate of time and one-half for the excess hours but the salaried employees will not likely receive additional pay for the excess hours. Classical and neo-classical economic theory has evolved around the idea that competition very quickly adjusts wages so as to eliminate excess demand or supply in the labor market. Pigou argued that with perfectly free competition there will always be at work a strong tendency for wage-rates to be so related to demand that everybody is employed. The implication is that such unemployment as exists at any time is due wholly to the fact that changes in demand conditions are continually taking place and that frictional resistances prevent the appropriate wage adjustments from being made instantaneously. It suggests that there is an unambiguous and close relationship between wages and employment level and that a decline in the wages would lead to the extended increase in the employment levels.(A.C.Pigou, 1933) The pay checks for employees also vary between the public and the private sector. According to a recent study, public sector employees are more skilled, work for shorter hours and still earn more money than their private counterpart. But one will earn more in a private sector if he has a degree and also private sector has better pay increases. Implicating on some facts, private sector were paid on an average between 7.7% and 8.7% more than the private sector. The public sector consists of a higher proportion of older employees and earning tends to increase with age and experience. Also, there has been a change in the public sector employment as many of the lower skilled jobs have been outsourced to the private sector. If we put all the workers in the hourly pay, we get to see that the bottom of the pay scale will get paid more in the public sector while the top end; the richest will get a lot more pay in the private sector.(Rogers, 2012) In the New York state, the general industry minimum wage act states that employers must pay all employees in New York State including most domestic workers, at least $8.75 per hour. They set an hourly rate plus overtime and allowances based on meals and lodging supplied by an employer. The Fair Labor Standards Act requires a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour effective from July 24, 2009. The federal minimum wage provisions are contained in the Fair labor standards Act. Also, the employer is bound to pay the difference if the total does not add up to $7.25 per hour. With the evolution of minimum wage rate, it comes with some disadvantages and advantages too. A minimum wage rate is the legal minimum for workers. It basically means that the worker is guaranteed a certain hourly pay. However these legal laws also carry some disadvantages. If there is competition in the labor market, a minimum wage could cause unemployment because firms would demand less labor and higher wages may encourage more workers to supply their labor. A minimum wages can cause cost push inflation. This is because firms face an increase in costs which are likely to be passed on to consumers. This is even more likely if wage differentials are maintained. A limitation of the minimum wage is that it doesnt increase the incomes of the lowest income groups. This is because the poorest have to rely on benefits and are therefore not affected by minimum wages. . Many who benefit from the minimum wage are second income earners and therefore the household is unlikely to be below the po verty line. A household with a single income earner just above the minimum wage is likely to be relatively poorer. But, they will not benefit from the minimum wage. As minimum wage rates have disadvantages, it also features advantages. The minimum wage increases the wages of the lowest paid. These workers will have increased income and will reduce relative poverty. If firms have to pay higher wages, they may put more focus on increasing labor productivity, which increases efficiency of the economy. With a minimum wage, there is a bigger difference between the level of benefits and the income from employment. A minimum wage could also increase theparticipation rateas the benefits of work become greater and more worthwhile. Firms will have an increase incentive to invest and increase labor productivity because labor is more costly. The advantages and disadvantages of the hourly wage can be further exclaimed with the example of Wal-Mart employment system. Wal-Mart has 2.2 million employees, including 1.3 million hourly workers. It employs 1.2 million people in the U.S. alone. Gross revenue is $475 billion, generating profits of $17.20 billion. It dominates the discount retail space and has a 66.70 percent market share. The retail giant does $474.88 billion a year in sales; across their 2,200,000 employees, that nets out to $213,255 sales per employee. Given a 5.93 percent operating margin, that nets out to $12,646.02 profit margin per employee. Adding $3 per hour per full-time employee would consume almost half of that profit.(Ritholtz, 2013). But that before any potential increase in productivity, reduced turnover costs and higher revenues. Some stores had discovered that raising wages provided a competitive advantage among its peers. Thus for Wal-Mart, underinvestment in labor has been a part of its success in growth. But higher wages has been seen as increasing morale and efficiency of the worker and thus increasing sales and profits. For this, the management and owners of the retail giant are to come together and think if they want to capture these benefits. Wages are determined by the workers marginal revenue product, which means the value a worker adds to the firm who employs him. Further MRP is determined by Marginal physical product (the productivity of the worker) and Marginal revenue (MR) of last good sold, effectively the cost and the demand of the last good sold and produced by the laborer. Thus, for example, if the pay is for strawberry pickers, the worker who picks more strawberries in lesser time will be paid much more than a slow and lazy worker. For such works, firm link pay to piece and productivity. Another factor that determines pay is the demand for the commodity. For example, the best soccer players get paid much more than the best hockey players because there is much more demand for watching soccer games, there is more money in the sport so sports clubs are willing and able to reward much higher salaries to get the services of the best footballers. As well as demand, wages will be determined by supply. Workers who have special skills will generally be rewarded with higher pay. For example, if someone spends 5 years to be trained as a chartered accountant, they deserve higher pay to reimburse them for the investment of time in achieving such success.(Kearney, 2014) Most of the population provides labor to earn a living. And the best way to do so is by supplying their labor in return. Wages are the pay the workers receive for their labor in the form of salaries, bonus, royalties, pensions, health insurance and fringe benefits. The wage rate is the price per unit of labor. Workers are most commonly paid for their labor by the hours they invest. Just like in the United States, most employees receive $7.25 for their work. So if a worker works 50 hour per week, he is entitled to be rewarded with $7.25X50 hours= $362.5 per week. Nominal wage is the amount earned in terms of dollars or other currency, while the real wages is the amount earned in terms of actual value. There are different wages for different nations, regions, occupations, and individuals. Generally, wage rate will be higher where the demand for workforce is greater than the supply. Nominal wages fluctuate more than real wages, since thepurchasing power of different currenciesvaries considerably. For instance, in those countries with cheap labor, such as China and India, most necessity goods and services also have lower prices than what they would generally amount to in more developed economies. The main factor that will determine the upper limits of wage rate is themarket shareof the business in combining inputs to produce socially desirable outputs. Obviously, more productive the worker, more the pay. Productivity largely lays on the availability of real capital, in the form of machinery and up gradation, and on the availability of raw materials, which are required as inputs in the production of goods and services. The quantity ofeducationortrainingalso largely determines how much a laborer can earn, not only by making the laborer more productive but by also making the worker more attractive to employers, who employ them. Thecharacteristics of the entrepreneurswho start a business will also determine the efficiency of the business since they provide a structure to initiate the organization of how the business will be conducted for production. Afterwards, thequality of the management officerswill also affect the survival of the business, and therefore, the workforce, by how effectively they control costs and produce the desired output. Another factor that will hugely affect productivity of the business is the political and social environment of the country or region in which the business is working. Many governments, especially in corrupt countries, interfere with the growth of businesses or try to extract money, in the form of bribes, from businesses for the enrichment of particular government servants rather than using it as tax revenue for the welfare of society. The scale of the market also matters. Bigger markets can help promote efficiency and that Economies of scale can be reached. (Spaulding, 2014) The desirability of a minimum wage rate depends on various factors: State of the economy. During strong development and decreasing unemployment rate, it is easier for corporations to pay higher pays. Is demand for worker wage inelastic or some firms are very sensitive to higher wage rate. Some tertiary sector jobs like hairdressers / shoppers may argue a small increase in their wage bill could result to unemployment. Can there be regional differences in wages (e.g. a London specific minimum wage rate). Is there scope for corporations to increase labor productivity and therefore be able to afford the wage rate increase? An increase in the minimum wage level results in a ripple effect on other workers earning wages in the same levels. This ripple effect occurs when a raise in the minimum wage increases the wage received by workers earning slightly above the minimum wage rate.(Harris, 2014) The issue of low wage work came into the media picture when the issue of workers of Wal-Mart went for strikes. That was seen as a no way out for the millions of employees. According to a study done by the Boston College, parents earning low wages are unable to meet their essential expenses and for that the children are let alone to pay for their necessities. They miss spending time with their children and thus fail to support them. These harsh realities of low pays have short term and long term consequences. The children of such families drop out of school end up working in bad environment and having health problems. As a result they are bound to take adult roles at an early stage in life by diverting time from education, extracurricular activities and social and personal development. What the economy needs is fewer low wage jobs and more jobs that command a higher skill and wage. Most of those have been shipped offshore thanks to corporate profit focus, unreasonable union wage, ben efit and job classification demands and government policy. The production and manufacturing jobs that made America a powerhouse since the 1800s have been sent abroad, and along with them the pathway to higher skill higher wage jobs. As our economy continues to recover, a minimum wage increase could provide a much-needed boost to the earnings of low-wage workers. A significant35 million workersfrom across the country could see their wages rise if the minimum wage were increased, allowing them to earn a better livelihood and lead more economically secure lives. When discussing the minimum wage, this is the magnitude of the impact that policymakers should consider. Unless the managers of these corporations listen to striking labors and to the research that is piling up, the negative hindrances of low wages will be amplified across generations. Bibliography A.C.Pigou. (1933). The theory of unemplyment. Carroll, L. (2014, November 16). Does raising the minimum wage always result in job growth? Tampa Bay Times. Flavelle, C. (2014, june 16). Canada Shows Minimum Wage Has Minimal Effect. Retrieved april 28, 2015, from Bloomberg View: https://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-10-16/canada-shows-minimum-wage-has-minimal-effect Harris, B. H. (2014). The Ripple Effect of a Minimum Wage Increase on American Workers. The Hamilton Project. Kearney, M. S. (2014). The Ripple Effect of a Minimum Wage Increase on American Workers. The Hamilton Project. Marx, K. (1849). Wage labour and Capital. Brussels. Meer, J. (2013). Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment Dynamics. August. Neumark, D. (2014). Employment effects of minimum wages. IZA: world of Labor, 10. Ritholtz, A. (2013, 12 18). How Walmart's Low Wages Cost All Americans, Not Just Its Workers. Huffington Post. Rogers, S. (2012). Public vs private sector pay: who earns more? The Guardian. Spaulding, W. C. (2014). wages. Retrieved 4 27, 2015, from This Matter: https://thismatter.com/economics/wages.htm Spross, J. (2012). Low-Wage Jobs Dont Just Harm Workers They Harm Their Children. Statistics, B. o. (2009). Occupational Employment and Wages. United States Department of Labor. Wheary, J. (2012, april 28). Low wage jobs cause more problems . Retrieved april 28, 2015, from yahoo.com: https://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/the-exchange/low-wage-jobs-cause-more-problems-solve-014044384.html.

Roman and Han Dynasty

Question: Describe about the Strategies of the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire? Answer: Introduction The Han Dynasty and Roman Empire had both the most powerful forces of influences in the duration of their heyday. The emergence of the Han Dynasty had been seen as a power of principle in the Eastern part of Asia in the duration of 221 BCE after the Qin Dynasty in the duration of 206 BCE. A system of politics and a structure of society had been pioneered in China that existed for the duration of 2000 years (Anthony, 2007). On the other hand, the Roman Empire imposed control over the Western Mediterranean. Unpredicted advancement had been made by the people of Rome in the field of Science and Technology, and an economy had been organized in a significant manner. This paper will be discussing three strategies used by both the dynasties for its establishment in a significant manner. Strategies of the Han Dynasty The Han Dynasty had been successful in becoming the formative empire of China by extending the rule of Han in each and every single direction across the nation. Certain strategies had been followed by the Han Dynasty for making this expansion (Bielenstein, 1980). These strategies will be discussed further ahead. (Fig: The Han Dynasty of China) (Source: Bielenstein, 1980) Foundations of Power The empire of Han had been differentiated by a strong alliance amongst the new elite and imperial family, who united within their effort for imposing order on the society of China. Social and economic supports, along with a strong bureaucratic administration and strong military, resulted in being added to the longevity, expanse and strength of the Han Empire (Block, 2003). For securing the support in a significant manner, administration and power had been used as a significant strategy. Under this strategy, land grants had been provided by Liu Bang to the supporters of military and the close relatives who assisted in overthrowing the Qin (Bulling, 1962). This strategy can be considered as being highly significant because this helped in bringing the administration of commanders within the central control. This also helped in drawing the attention of educated males who had the ability to represent the powerful communities in the local context. The New Social Order The genius personalities of the Han dynasty held the ability of winning the support of diversified social groups by the formation of alliances with the main leaders. A massive base of agrarianism contributed in providing the revenues of tax to the Han Dynasty, along with a number of different special sources of revenue, like tribute from the domains that were outlying (Chun-shu, 2007). There had been promotion in the state for growing silk and producing iron. This resulted in the establishment of state monopolies in wine, iron and salt for funding the campaigns of military. (Fig: Hierarchy of Han Dynasty) (Source: Cotterell, 2004) The monopolies of government ended up undercutting the freedom of merchants as it forced for coming in partnership with the rulers. Hence, this resulted in increasing the support base of the rulers making them extremely strong (Csikszentmihalyi, 2006). Strategy of Expanding the Dynasty A powerful army had been created by Han that helped in expanding the boundaries of the empire and contributed in the creation of conditions with stability for transitioning the goods on the road of silk. The services of military had been made compulsory. The services of conscripts were being provided in the local region. The population of the standing army had exceeded one million males (Potter, 2004). The borders of the army were being expanded in a number of different direction that include the northern region of Korea and Vietnam but had been struggling more within the southwestern and southern region because of the outbreak of Malaria and the mountainous terrain. Strategies of the Roman Empire The Han dynasty is known to dominate an enormous landmass on the entire continent. However, the Roman Empire are known to dominate the land areas along the largest inland sea area across the globe that is the Mediterranean Sea. By unrelenting the occurrence of each war, the Roman empire contributed in forging a number of groups of ethnicity and states that were minor within a single large state of politics (Stevenson, 1939). (Fig: Area covered by the Roman Empire) (Source: Thorley, 1979) The War Ethos and Military Institutions The Roman Empire focused on the creation of unassailable power of military by the organization of communities, they had been successful in conquering Italy within the system that focused on providing large reservoirs having power of man for the expansion of army. By the start of the 340 BCE, Rome had been successful in defeating the neighboring states of Latin city and continuously had been defeating a number of other communities within Italy (Thorley, 1979). This strategy had been appropriate as the victory of the Military not only contributed in bringing territory and glory for the state, but also contributes in providing large individual rewards. Authoritarian Rule and the Emperors After the brutal occurrence of civil war, the leaders sought to be establishing the stability in politics. However, this stability had been maintained by paying a significant cost. This cost was the authoritarian rule of one man (Vegetius, 1985). Peace was highly depended upon the power held by a single man, who had the possession of adequate authority for the enforcement of orderly competition amongst the aristocracy of Rome. The ruling of emperors was done under the assistance of a number of institution, and mainly the power of the army. This resulted in dividing the empire into a number of 40 provinces (Weingast, 1995). Each and every province was headed by the appointment of governor through the emperor. This strategy had been appropriate as the governors started to depend on the officials at lower rank for helping them in a significant manner. In comparison with the bureaucracy of China, the empire of Rome had been comparatively under- administered. New Scales of Production There had been achievement of staggering transformation by Rome due to the strategy implemented for the scale of production. This had been related to the mined, manufactured and agricultural goods within the basin of Mediterranean sea. A number of unprecedented roads had been built by the Romans and complicated land maps had been drawn over which a number of roads and area to be covered was specified between the towns (Wilfred, 1917). This strategy can be considered as being highly significant as this resulted in the coordination of networks of road with the routes of sea for supporting the flow taking place between commerce. There had been production of coinage in large quantities for the facilitation of exchanging the services and commodities. This contributed in the commercialization of planting agriculture that took place over the estates known as Latifundia (Wilfred, 1915). This also helped in the specialization of cash crops for the markets in urban area. For the establishment of these estates, there was an increased need for a number of different slave laborers at a larger context. Conclusion The Han dynasty is known to dominate an enormous landmass on the entire continent. However, the Roman Empire are known to dominate the land areas along the largest inland sea area across the globe that is the Mediterranean Sea. As a significant difference in the strategies of both the dynasties, the population of the standing army had exceeded one million males. However, the population of army in Rome was only 30,000 (Zhou, 2007). The Han Dynasty and Roman Empire had both the most powerful forces of influences in the duration of their heyday. In addition to this, it has been found that in comparison with the bureaucracy of China, the empire of Rome had been comparatively under- administered. For securing the support in a significant manner, administration and power had been used as a significant strategy. Hence, both the strategies are successful in its own ways with certain common elements. References Anthony J. (2007). Artisans in Early Imperial China, Seattle London: University of Washington Press. Bielenstein, H. (1980). The Bureaucracy of Han Times, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Block, L. (2003). To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. Bulling, A. (1962). A Landscape Representation of the Western Han Period. Artibus Asiae, 25(4), pp. 293317. Chun-shu, C. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. A.D. 157, Ashford University Library. Cotterell, M. (2004). The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army, Ashford University Library. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2006). Readings in Han Chinese Thought, Ashford University Library. Potter, D. S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180395, London: Routledge. Stevenson, G. H. (1939). Roman Provincial Administration: Till the Age of the Antonines, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Thorley, P. (1979). The Roman Empire and the Kushans. Greece Rome, 26(2), pp. 181-190. Vegetius, J. (1985). The Military Institutions of the Romans, Greenwood, 1985, pp. 87. Weingast, B. R. (1995). The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market Preserving Federalism and Economic Development. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 11, 131. Wilfred, H. (1917). Navigation to the Far East under the Roman Empire.Journal of the American Oriental Society, 37, pp.240249. Wilfred, H. (1915). The Eastern Iron Trade of the Roman Empire.Journal of the American Oriental Society, 35, pp.224239. Zhou, R. (2007). Testing the Hypothesis of an Ancient Roman Soldier Origin of the Liqian People in Northwest China: a Y-Chromosome Perspective. Journal of Human Genetics, 52(7), pp. 58491.